Ralph McGill to Earl Warren, June 1, 1955. "Kenneth and Mamie Phipps Clark: The Researchers Behind the Brown vs Board of Education Ruling" by Kim Juhas. His exclusion from the University of Maryland's Law School due to racial discrimination, marked a turning point in his life. Although Mamie was born into Jim Crow laws her childhood in comparison to . In this letter Patterson, head of the Civil Rights Congress, a leftist organization, attributes opposition to the Brown decision to “the demoralizing effect of segregated schools on white youth. U. S. Supreme Court Records and Briefs, 1954 Term. We did it to communicate to our colleagues in psychology the influence of race and color and status on the self-esteem of children.”, In a particularly memorable episode, while Dr. Clark was conducting experiments in rural Arkansas, he asked a black child which doll was most like him. It's Black History month and we're taking this opportunity to shine an amazing spotlight on Black women in STEM. The doll test was only one part of Dr. Clark’s testimony in, Read an interview with Dr. Kenneth Clark as part of, Learn More About Brown v. Board of Education, Meet the Legal Team Behind Brown v. Board of Education, Eyes on The Prize: America’s Civil Rights Years (1954-1965). It was Kenneth who eventually convinced Mamie to pursue psychology . George E. C. Hayes, Thurgood Marshall, and James M. Nabrit congratulating each other, 1954. Page 2. Kenneth B. Clark, born on the 24th of July 1914, and Mamie Phipps Clark, born on the 18th April 1917, were husband and wife and were the first and second black people respectively to be the recipients of a Ph.D in psychology from the University of Columbia. Aware of the gravity of the issue and concerned with the possible Warren announced the opinion in the names of each justice, an unprecedented occurrence. In preparation for the Briggs case, attorney Robert Carter returned to Columbia University to confer with Psychologist Otto Klineberg, who was known for his research on black students' IQ scores. v. Board of Education Topeka, Shawnee County, Kansas, et al. Kenneth Bancroft Clark (July 14, 1914 - May 1, 2005) and Mamie Phipps Clark (April 18, 1917 - August 11, 1983) were American psychologists who as a married team conducted research among children and were active in the Civil Rights Movement.They founded the Northside Center for Child Development in Harlem and the organization Harlem Youth Opportunities Unlimited (HARYOU). Drs. v. Board of Education, Kansas et al. The child responded by smiling and pointing to the brown doll: “That’s a nigger. He also set forth his idea that “opinions should be short, readable by the lay public, non-rhetorical, unemotional and, above all, non-accusatory.”, Earl Warren to members of the Court, May 7, 1954. Her contributions to African American child psychology aided in developing a growing interest in racial integration in numerous schools across the United States. Her contributions to African American child psychology aided in developing a growing interest in racial integration in numerous schools across the United States. NAACP Records, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (55) Courtesy of the NAACP, Bookmark this item: //www.loc.gov/exhibits/brown/brown-brown.html#obj55. The Clarks concluded that “prejudice, discrimination, and segregation” created a feeling of inferiority among African-American children and damaged their self-esteem. Charles H. Houston persuaded him to leave private law practice and join the NAACP legal staff in New York, where he remained from 1936 until 1961. Kenneth & Mamie Phipps Clark The Clarks' groundbreaking research The Black/White Dolls Test, was the first-ever social science research to be submitted as hard evidence in the Supreme Court's history and was critical to the ruling in the landmark "Brown v. General Collections, Library of Congress (115) Courtesy of Time-Life Pictures, Getty Images, Bookmark this item: //www.loc.gov/exhibits/brown/brown-brown.html#obj115. Central to Brown v. Board of Education was Dr Mamie Phipps Clark's scholarship. Jobs | Early life and early education. The social psychologists Kenneth and Mamie Phipps Clark sought to challenge the court's existing opinion that "separate but equal" public schools were constitutional (Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896) by testing whether African-American children were psychologically and emotionally damaged by attending segregated schools. The doll experiments. Mamie Clark Phipps died in 1983 at the age of 63. the case argued on three separate occasions in as many years. The NAACP lost the bid because it lacked a full-time legal staff spurring Walter White, then head of the NAACP, to hire Charles H. Houston and set up a legal department. Supreme Court Records and Briefs, Law Library, Library of Congress (57B), Bookmark this item: //www.loc.gov/exhibits/brown/brown-brown.html#obj57B. In the 1940s, psychologists Kenneth Bancroft Clark and his wife, Mamie Phipps Clark, designed it to study the effects of segregation on black children, in an experiment based on Mamie's Howard . Dr. Mamie Phipps Clark studied the effects of segregation and racism on the self-esteem of black children. The Supreme Court did not render a judgement after the initial oral arguments in Brown v. Board. After assessing the questions, the NAACP Legal Defense Fund assembled a team of experts, including John A. Davis, a professor of political science at Lincoln University, Mabel Smythe, an economist, and psychologist Kenneth Clark, and scholars John Hope Franklin, C. Vann Woodward, and Horace Mann Bond, to conduct research during the summer. In it he provides a schedule of witnesses, instructions on deposing the witnesses, and the questions to be posed. It has made bigots out of millions who have not learned in their separate schools that there are no superior people.”, William L. Patterson, Executive Secretary of the Civil Rights Congress, to Walter White congratulating White on the NAACP's victory in Brown v. Board of Education, May 17, 1954. She attended Howard University as a mathematics and physics major. Dr. Mamie Phipps Clark. Ralph McGill, the influential editor of the Atlanta Constitution, wrote in praise of the Court's decision to have local school boards, in conjunction with Southern court judges, formulate and execute desegregation orders. 6 (June–July, 1954). On June 25, 1951, Robert Carter and Jack Greenberg argued the Brown case before a three judge panel in district court in Kansas. . Waiting for courtroom seats, 1953. Typed letter. School segregation was mandated by law in 17 states, practiced in the nation's capital and countless other school districts, and seemingly blessed by the 55-year-old separate but equal doctrine decreed by the US Supreme Court in Plessy v. Ferguson. precedent, social-science findings on the negative effects of segregation, This is unfortunate because Clark made many important contributions to psychology, including the development of the Clark Doll Test, her research on race, and her role in the famous 1954 Brown vs. Board of Education case However, "because her husband was often the one to testify in court about their research, she [Mamie] has usually been ignored or given insufficient credit for their ground breaking work and its impact on the destruction of the . They founded the Northside Center for Child Development in Harlem and the organization Harlem Youth Opportunities Unlimited (HARYOU). Certain that “the problem of desegregation had to be solved at the local level,” he told Chief Justice Warren that the Court's ruling was “one of the great statesman-like decisions of all time,” exceeding all previous decisions “in wisdom and clarity.”, The Library of Congress does not have permission to show this image online. The Library of Congress does not have permission to show this image online. Associate Justice William O. Douglas responded enthusiastically in this handwritten note: “I do not think I would change a single word in the memoranda you gave me this morning. The Library of Congress does not have permission to show this image online. She contributed to our nation's history in the pursuit of justice and . Felix Frankfurter's draft decree in Brown II, April 8, 1955. Dr. Mamie Phipps Clark was the first Black woman to earn her Ph.D in experimental psychology in 1942. Kenneth Clark and Mamie Phipps Clark, were the first and second Black Americans to receive a Ph.D. in . Therefore, the plaintiffs appealed, and the Supreme Court heard their case along with Brown v. Board. Legal | educational levels. They showed the dolls to black children between the ages of three and seven and asked them questions to determine racial perception and preference. Solicitor General Simon Sobeloff forwarded to Chief Justice Warren this letter from an official of the New York chapter of the Sons of the American Revolution. In 1939, Marshall became the first director of the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Inc. President Lyndon B. Johnson appointed Marshall as Solicitor General in 1965 and nominated him to a seat on the United States Supreme Court in 1967 from which he retired in 1991. Sample Doll Test data sheet, n.d. Kenneth B. Clark Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (64), Bookmark this item: //www.loc.gov/exhibits/brown/brown-brown.html#obj64. The Supreme Court's decision on the Brown v. Board of Education case in 1954 marked a culmination in a plan the NAACP had put into action more than forty years earlier—the end to racial inequality. Her work was instrumental in proving segregation was detrimental to student's self-worth as well as just being overall ridiculous and horrible and—with her husband's help as well, Mamie's work helped in the 1954 Supreme Court Case Brown v Board of Education which ended segregation in schools across the country. The questions pertained to the history of the Fourteenth Amendment and the relation between the views of the Amendment framers' intent to “abolish segregation in public schools.” The questions also addressed what remedies to be used in the event the Court ruled segregation in public schools unconstitutional. A famous study by Dr. Mamie Phipps Clark and her husband Dr. Kenneth Clark, referred to as the 'Doll Test', explored some of the ways that social . Harris Ayana Harris Professor Wright Pre Ap Biology 12 September 2019 The Power of Color Mamie Phipps Clark, was one of the many scientists of color to help and fight for a change in society. In 1949 Redding won the landmark Parker case, which resulted in the desegregation of the University of Delaware. Kenneth Bancroft Clark (July 14, 1914 - May 1, 2005) and Mamie Phipps Clark (April 18, 1917 - August 11, 1985) were African-American psychologists who as a married team conducted important research among children and were active in the Civil Rights Movement. Warren reminded himself to emphasize the decision's unanimity with a marginal notation, “unanimously,” which departed from the printed reading copy to declare, “Therefore, we unanimously hold. d.Hastings-on-Hudson, New York, 11 August 1983), psychology, child development, social action. Her parents encouraged her to pursue her education, and so she did. Volume 61, no. Park staff researched the story about the doll's journey and then conducted a close examination of the doll comparing it to photographs of those used by the Clarks. However, when asked which they preferred, the majority selected the white doll and attributed positive characteristics to it. Most well known for her work with her husband, Kenneth Clark, on "the doll study" used in Brown vs. the Board of Education that led to the end of segregated schools. Mamie Phipps Clark came up with the oft-cited "doll test" and provided expert testimony in Brown v. Board of Education Typed letter. Mrs. Nettie Hunt and daughter Nikie on the steps of the Supreme Court, 1954. Typed memorandum. Post author. 1954 - Mamie Phipps Clark and her husband, Kenneth Clark, provide support in the Brown vs. Board of Education case, using their data collected from the doll experimentation. The Clarks used printed data sheets to record the children's responses during the “doll test,” as well as general observations. Raymond F. Tilzey. Among an impressive array of legal representation for the plaintiffs was Thurgood Marshall serving as chief council for the NAACP. Earl Warren Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (116A), Bookmark this item: //www.loc.gov/exhibits/brown/brown-brown.html#obj116A. The photograph was taken late in 1953, after President Dwight D. Eisenhower had nominated Warren to the Court, but before the U.S. Senate had confirmed him as Chief Justice. Clark became the Legal Defense Fund's principal expert witness. The multi-faceted African American response to the decision was articulated throughout the black press and in editorials published in official publications of national black organizations. Feb 4, 2021. Almost all of the children readily identified the race of the dolls. In commemoration of Black History Month, we celebrate Mamie Phipps Clark, PhD. .delivered in the United States Court for the District of Kansas, June 1951. Myrdal had been a signatory of the UNESCO declaration. Why were Kenneth Clark and Mamie Phipps Clark such significant figures in the history of the United States? Mamie Phipps Clark, Ph.D. was the first African American woman to earn a doctorate degree in psychology from Columbia University. Mamie Phipps Clark was born on April 18, 1917 to an educated family in Hot Springs, Arkansas. The research of Kenneth and Mamie Phipps Clark challenged the notion of differences in the mental abilities of black and white children and so played an important role in the desegregation of American schools. As this “Final Decree” in Davis v. County School Board shows, they convinced the U.S. District Court that facilities for blacks were “not substantially equal” to those for whites. Member of the NAACP Legal Committee, Coleman's stellar academic record at the University of Pennsylvania and Harvard Law School paved his way to the Supreme Court, where he became the first African American clerk in 1948. Her parents, Drs. who believed segregation was a good thing.”, Ike with John W. Davis at the Herald Trib Forum 10/21, 1952. To celebrate this year's Black History Month, the History of Psychology Centre will be releasing a series of weekly blogs highlighting the lives of pioneering Black psychologists. Telegram. Brown versus Board of Education of Topeka. Mamie Phipps Clark is a noted woman psychologist, best known for her research on race, self-esteem, and child development. In 1950 Louis Redding filed a lawsuit on behalf of Sarah Bulah to admit her daughter Shirley to a nearby white elementary school, after the Delaware Board of Education refused to allow her to board an all-white school bus that drove pass their home. PhD 1943. Dr. Kenneth Clark was a noted authority on integration, and in particular, he and his wife were closely involved in the integration efforts of New York City and New York State. John W. Davis, who had been the Democratic Party's unsuccessful candidate for president in 1924, was the lead counsel in the South's effort to uphold the Plessy v. Ferguson doctrine of “separate but equal” in arguments before the Supreme Court in 1953. He recommended James Nabrit as his replacement. The letters “B” and “W” denote “black” and “white.” The abbreviations “LB” and “DB” denote “light brown” and “dark brown” complexions. In 1931, the ILD competed with the NAACP for the right to represent the “Scottsboro Boys,” nine black men convicted of raping two white women. Psychologist and activist Mamie Phipps Clark conducted groundbreaking studies on race and child development that helped end segregation in the United States. Therefore, the lawyers argued for “Due Process Clause” of the Fifth Amendment, which guaranteed equal protection of the law. Mamie Phipps Clark (1917-83) Educational Psychologist. The Library of Congress does not have permission to show this image online. Earl Warren Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (80), Bookmark this item: //www.loc.gov/exhibits/brown/brown-brown.html#obj80, Early in May 1954, Chief Justice Earl Warren circulated draft opinions for the school desegregation cases to his colleagues on the Court. Mamie Phipps Clark was born on April 18, 1917 in Hot Spring, Arkansas. NAACP Records, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (96) Courtesy of the NAACP, Bookmark this item: //www.loc.gov/exhibits/brown/brown-brown.html#obj96, William Patterson was an attorney and former Executive Secretary of the International Labor Defense (ILD), an organization dedicated to protecting the rights of racial minorities, political radicals, and the working class. Kenneth and Mamie Clark are most known for their experiment with white and black baby dolls, which was used in the U.S. Supreme Court in the 1954 case of Brown v.Board of Education. The Clarks concluded that “prejudice, discrimination, and segregation” created a feeling of inferiority among African-American children and damaged their self-esteem. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (62), Bookmark this item: //www.loc.gov/exhibits/brown/brown-brown.html#obj62. No Comments. It held that school segregation violated the Equal Protection He would not, however, endorse the Brown decision or condemn segregation as morally wrong. However, presiding Judge Walter A. Huxman appended nine “Findings of Fact” to the opinion. In response to requests from two Justices during the oral arguments of the implementation phase of Brown v. Board, Kansas Attorney General Harold Fatzer provided the Court with this map of the Topeka public school districts along with 1956 enrollment estimates by race. To make their case, Marshall and his team of lawyers needed something that provided overwhelming proof to demonstrate that equal educational opportunities for African Americans was impossible to achieve in a segregated system no matter how equal the facilities be. Brief for Appellants in the cases of Brown v. Board of Education: Oliver Brown, et al. Read an interview with Dr. Kenneth Clark as part of Eyes on The Prize: America’s Civil Rights Years (1954-1965). Although Dr. Kenneth Clark is most famous for the “Doll Tests,” his personal achievements are equally as prestigious. The dolls were identical except that two had a dark-colored skin and two had light-colored skin. Doctors Kenneth and Mamie Clark and "The Doll Test" In the 1940s, psychologists Kenneth and Mamie Clark designed and conducted a series of experiments known colloquially as "the doll tests" to study the psychological effects of segregation on African . The justices thought that the decree should provide for flexible enforcement, appeal to established principles, and suggest some basic ground rules for judges of the lower courts. Spottswood Thomas Bolling v. C. Melvin Sharpe, was one of the five school desegregation cases that comprised Brown. The doll test was only one part of Dr. Clark’s testimony in Brown – it did not constitute the largest portion of his analysis and expert report. In 1954 in Brown v Board of Education the experiment helped to persuade the American Supreme Court that "separate but . While the white doll has been lost to time, the black doll remained. In a draft, prepared by Felix Frankfurter, which Warren subsequently adopted, Frankfurter inserted “with all deliberate speed” in place of “forthwith,” which Thurgood Marshall had suggested to achieve an accelerated desegregation timetable. Dr. Phipps Clark, who was originally a math major and physics minor, studied psychology as a graduate student and developed a study that was cited by the Supreme Court in Brown vs. Board of Education. The mission of the African American Experience Fund of the National Park Foundation is to preserve African American history by supporting education programs in National Parks that celebrate African American history and culture. The social psychologists Kenneth and Mamie Phipps Clark sought to challenge the court's existing opinion that "separate but equal" public schools were constitutional (Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896) by testing whether African-American children were psychologically and emotionally damaged by attending segregated schools. Holograph letter. In preparation for the Brown court case the three lead lawyers gathered to discuss their final strategy. Thurgood Marshall explains segregation ruling to the press, 1955. As in Briggs, the testimony of social scientists was central to the case. In an interview on the award-winning PBS documentary of the Civil Rights movement, “Eyes on the Prize,” Dr. Kenneth Clark recalled: “The Dolls Test was an attempt on the part of my wife and me to study the development of the sense of self-esteem in children. Fund, developed a systematic attack against the doctrine of “separate Clark used four dolls, identical except for color, to test children’s racial perceptions. Mamie Clark. Dr. Mamie Phipps Clark shot for Vogue, 1968. U.S. This photograph shows interested members of the public waiting in line outside the Supreme Court for a chance to obtain one of the 50 seats allotted to hear the second round of arguments in the landmark Brown v. Board of Education case. That fall, Thurgood Marshall sent Jack Greenberg to Wilmington to work with Redding on the litigation. In response to the decision, a special issue of The Crisis was printed to include the complete text of the Supreme Court decision, a history of the five school cases, excerpts from the nation's press on segregation ruling, and the text of the “Atlanta Declaration,” the official NAACP response and program of action for implementing the decision. They were assisted by local NAACP attorneys Charles Bledsoe and brothers John and Charles Scott. 2 The Clarks' innovative contribution to desegregation in the American education system would not have been possible without their scientific expertise in the field of psychology. Psychologists Kenneth and Mamie Clark Ph.d demonstrated that segregation harmed Black children's self-images. Inspector General | Time magazine, September 19, 1955. For our last day of Black History Month we honor a hidden figure behind the reshaping of our education system in 1954 with the unanimous ruling of Brown v. Board of Education. Both she and Kenneth earned their bachelor's and master's degrees from […] The original diaper was gone and the face now had a green tint after years of being exposed to sunlight. Gelatin silver print. on Mamie Phipps Clark. The attack culminated in five separate cases Gelatin silver print. In 1950 Kenneth Clark wrote a paper for the White House Mid-Century Conference on Children and Youth summarizing this research and related work that attracted the attention of Robert Carter of the NAACP Legal Defense Fund. The Clark Doll Experiment (1939) was an experiment done by Dr Kenneth Clark and his wife Mamie where they asked black children to choose between a black doll and a white doll. The social psychologists Kenneth and Mamie Phipps Clark sought to challenge the court's existing opinion that "separate but equal" public schools were constitutional (Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896) by testing whether African-American children were psychologically and emotionally damaged by attending segregated schools. Nabrit was joined by fellow attorney, George E. C. Hayes in presenting arguments for the District of Columbia case. You have done a beautiful job.”, William Douglas to Earl Warren, May 11, 1954. Mamie Phipps Clark (PhD, Columbia, 1944) came to psychology after an initial interest in pursuing a mathematics degree at Howard University. And we told them it was up to them to make that decision and we did not do it for litigation. Post date. In the experiment, the Clarks handed black children four dolls. In fact, we did the study fourteen years before Brown, and the lawyers of the NAACP learned about it and came and asked us if we thought it was relevant to what they were planning to do in terms of the Brown decision cases. She contributed to the USA's history in the pursuit of justice and equity for children. In the back row are Tom Clark, Robert H. Jackson, Harold Burton, Sherman Minton. Donate Pictured (left to right)are Harold P. Boulware, (Briggs case), Thurgood Marshall, (Briggs case), and Spottswood W. Robinson III (Davis case). Gelatin silver print. In the 1940s, psychologists Kenneth and Mamie Clark designed and conducted a series of experiments known colloquially as “the doll tests” to study the psychological effects of segregation on African-American children. Gelatin silver print. However, it did take longer for the junior and senior high schools to integrate. . Born in Hot Springs, Ark., in 1917, Mamie Phipps Clark received bachelor's and master's degrees from Howard University. “When the word 'unanimously' was spoken, a wave of emotion swept the room; no words or intentional movement, yet a distinct emotional manifestation that defies description.” “Unanimously” was not incorporated into the published version of the opinion, and thus exists only in this manuscript. 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